Concepts4

Bitset optimization exploits word-level parallelism so one CPU instruction processes 64 bits at once on typical 64-bit machines.

Meet-in-the-middle splits a hard exponential search into two halves, enumerates each half, and then combines results efficiently.

Dynamic programming (DP) solves complex problems by breaking them into overlapping subproblems and using their optimal substructure.

Dynamic Programming (DP) state design is the art of choosing what information to remember so that optimal substructure can be reused efficiently.