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Concepts27

Groups

📐Linear Algebra15📈Calculus & Differentiation10🎯Optimization14🎲Probability Theory12📊Statistics for ML9📡Information Theory10🔺Convex Optimization7🔢Numerical Methods6🕸Graph Theory for Deep Learning6🔵Topology for ML5🌐Differential Geometry6∞Measure Theory & Functional Analysis6🎰Random Matrix Theory5🌊Fourier Analysis & Signal Processing9🎰Sampling & Monte Carlo Methods10🧠Deep Learning Theory12🛡️Regularization Theory11👁️Attention & Transformer Theory10🎨Generative Model Theory11🔮Representation Learning10🎮Reinforcement Learning Mathematics9🔄Variational Methods8📉Loss Functions & Objectives10⏱️Sequence & Temporal Models8💎Geometric Deep Learning8

Category

🔷All∑Math⚙️Algo🗂️DS📚Theory

Level

AllBeginner
∑MathIntermediate

Harmonic Lemma

The Harmonic Lemma says that the values of \lfloor n/i \rfloor only change about 2\sqrt{n} times, so you can iterate those value blocks in O(\sqrt{n}) instead of O(n).

#harmonic lemma#integer division trick#block decomposition+12
∑MathIntermediate

Game Theory - Nim

Nim is a two-player impartial game with several piles where a move removes any positive number of stones from exactly one pile.

#nim
123
Intermediate
Advanced
Filtering by:
#competitive programming
#game theory
#xor
+11
∑MathIntermediate

Game Theory - Calculation Techniques

Sprague–Grundy theory converts any impartial, normal-play game into an equivalent Nim heap using a Grundy number.

#sprague-grundy#grundy numbers#nim-sum+12
∑MathIntermediate

Linearity of Expectation Applications

Linearity of expectation says the expected value of a sum equals the sum of expected values, even if the variables are dependent.

#linearity of expectation#indicator variables#expected inversions+12
∑MathIntermediate

Expected Value

Expected value is the long-run average outcome of a random variable if you could repeat the experiment many times.

#expected value#linearity of expectation#indicator variables+12
∑MathIntermediate

Bayes' Theorem

Bayes' Theorem tells you how to update the probability of a hypothesis after seeing new evidence.

#bayes' theorem#posterior probability#prior probability+11
∑MathIntermediate

Lucas' Theorem

Lucas' Theorem lets you compute C(n, k) modulo a prime p by working digit-by-digit in base p.

#lucas theorem#binomial coefficient modulo p#prime power modulus+12
∑MathIntermediate

Inclusion-Exclusion Principle

The Inclusion-Exclusion Principle (IEP) corrects overcounting by alternately adding and subtracting sizes of intersections of sets.

#inclusion-exclusion#derangements#surjections+12
∑MathIntermediate

Linear Diophantine Equations

A linear Diophantine equation ax + by = c has integer solutions if and only if gcd(a, b) divides c.

#linear diophantine#extended euclidean algorithm#gcd+12
∑MathIntermediate

Binomial Theorem and Identities

The binomial theorem expands (x + y)^n into a sum of terms using binomial coefficients that count how many ways to choose k items from n.

#binomial theorem#binomial coefficient#pascal's triangle+12
∑MathIntermediate

Miller-Rabin Primality Test

Miller–Rabin is a fast primality test that uses modular exponentiation to detect compositeness with very high reliability.

#miller-rabin#primality test#probable prime+11
∑MathIntermediate

Permutations and Combinations

Permutations count ordered selections, while combinations count unordered selections.

#permutations#combinations#binomial coefficient+12