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Concepts158

Groups

📐Linear Algebra15📈Calculus & Differentiation10🎯Optimization14🎲Probability Theory12📊Statistics for ML9📡Information Theory10🔺Convex Optimization7🔢Numerical Methods6🕸Graph Theory for Deep Learning6🔵Topology for ML5🌐Differential Geometry6∞Measure Theory & Functional Analysis6🎰Random Matrix Theory5🌊Fourier Analysis & Signal Processing9🎰Sampling & Monte Carlo Methods10🧠Deep Learning Theory12🛡️Regularization Theory11👁️Attention & Transformer Theory10🎨Generative Model Theory11🔮Representation Learning10🎮Reinforcement Learning Mathematics9🔄Variational Methods8📉Loss Functions & Objectives10⏱️Sequence & Temporal Models8💎Geometric Deep Learning8

Category

🔷All∑Math⚙️Algo🗂️DS📚Theory

Level

AllBeginnerIntermediate
∑MathIntermediate

Linear Sieve

The linear sieve builds all primes up to n in O(n) time by ensuring each composite is marked exactly once by its smallest prime factor (SPF).

#linear sieve#smallest prime factor#spf+12
∑MathIntermediate

Prime Factorization

Prime factorization expresses any integer greater than 1 as a product of primes raised to powers, uniquely up to ordering.

#prime factorization
34567
Advanced
Filtering by:
#competitive programming
#trial division
#spf sieve
+12
∑MathIntermediate

Extended Euclidean Algorithm

The Extended Euclidean Algorithm finds integers x and y such that ax + by = gcd(a, b) while also computing gcd(a, b).

#extended euclidean algorithm#bezout coefficients#gcd+12
⚙️AlgorithmAdvanced

Polynomial Operations

Fast polynomial operations treat coefficients like numbers but use FFT/NTT to multiply in O(n \log n) time instead of O(n^2).

#polynomial#ntt#fft+12
∑MathIntermediate

Sieve of Eratosthenes

The Sieve of Eratosthenes marks multiples of each prime to find all primes up to n in O(n log log n) time.

#sieve of eratosthenes#segmented sieve#linear sieve+11
∑MathIntermediate

GCD and Euclidean Algorithm

The greatest common divisor (gcd) of two integers is the largest integer that divides both without a remainder.

#gcd#euclidean algorithm#extended euclidean+12
⚙️AlgorithmAdvanced

Convolution Applications

Convolution turns local pairwise combinations (like matching characters or adding two dice) into a single fast transform–multiply–inverse pipeline.

#convolution#fft#ntt+12
⚙️AlgorithmAdvanced

NTT (Number Theoretic Transform)

The Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) is an FFT-like algorithm that performs discrete convolutions exactly using modular arithmetic instead of floating-point numbers.

#ntt#number theoretic transform#polynomial multiplication+11
⚙️AlgorithmIntermediate

Matrix Exponentiation

Matrix exponentiation turns repeated linear transitions into a single fast power of a matrix using exponentiation by squaring.

#matrix exponentiation#binary exponentiation#companion matrix+11
⚙️AlgorithmAdvanced

Mo's Algorithm - With Updates

Mo's algorithm with updates treats array modifications as a third dimension called time and answers range queries on the correct version of the array.

#mo's algorithm with updates#time dimension#offline range queries+11
⚙️AlgorithmAdvanced

DSU on Tree (Sack)

DSU on Tree (also called the Sack technique) answers many subtree queries in O(n \log n) by keeping data from the heavy child and temporarily re-adding light subtrees.

#dsu on tree#sack technique#subtree queries+12
⚙️AlgorithmIntermediate

Small-to-Large Merging

Small-to-large merging is a technique where you always merge the smaller container into the larger one to guarantee low total work.

#small-to-large merging#dsu on tree#sack technique+11